I ran into this weird error when trying to use np.empty
in a function definition compiled with numba, and turning on nopython=True
to make sure optimized typing is in effect.
It's weird because numba claims to support np.empty
with the first two arguments, and I am only using the first two arguments (correctly I think?), so I don't know why it's not typing correctly.
@jit(nopython=True)
def empty():return np.empty(5, np.float)
After defining the above function in an ipython notebook,
empty()
Gives the following error message:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypingError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-88-927345c8757f> in <module>()
----> 1 empty()~/.../lib/python3.5/site-packages/numba/dispatcher.py in _compile_for_args(self, *args, **kws)342 raise e343 else:
--> 344 reraise(type(e), e, None)345 except errors.UnsupportedError as e:346 # Something unsupported is present in the user code, add help info~/.../lib/python3.5/site-packages/numba/six.py in reraise(tp, value, tb)656 value = tp()657 if value.__traceback__ is not tb:
--> 658 raise value.with_traceback(tb)659 raise value660
TypingError: Failed at nopython (nopython frontend)
Invalid usage of Function(<built-in function empty>) with parameters (int64, Function(<class 'float'>))* parameterized
In definition 0:All templates rejected
[1] During: resolving callee type: Function(<built-in function empty>)
[2] During: typing of call at <ipython-input-87-8c7e8fa4c6eb> (3)File "<ipython-input-87-8c7e8fa4c6eb>", line 3:
def empty():return np.empty(5, np.float)^This is not usually a problem with Numba itself but instead often caused by
the use of unsupported features or an issue in resolving types.To see Python/NumPy features supported by the latest release of Numba visit:
http://numba.pydata.org/numba-doc/dev/reference/pysupported.html
and
http://numba.pydata.org/numba-doc/dev/reference/numpysupported.htmlFor more information about typing errors and how to debug them visit:
http://numba.pydata.org/numba-doc/latest/user/troubleshoot.html#my-code-doesn-t-compileIf you think your code should work with Numba, please report the error message
and traceback, along with a minimal reproducer at:
https://github.com/numba/numba/issues/new
The problem is that np.float
is not a valid datatype for a NumPy array in numba. You have to provide the explicit dtype to numba. This isn't just a problem with np.empty
but also for other array-creation routines like np.ones
, np.zeros
, ... in numba.
To make your example work only a little change is needed:
from numba import jit
import numpy as np@jit(nopython=True)
def empty():return np.empty(5, np.float64) # np.float64 instead of np.floatempty()
Or the shorthand np.float_
. Or if you want 32 bit floats use np.float32
instead.
Note that np.float
is just an alias for the normal Python float
and as such not a real NumPy dtype:
>>> np.float is float
True
>>> issubclass(np.float, np.generic)
False
>>> issubclass(np.float64, np.generic)
True
Likewise there are some additional aliases that just are interpreted as if they were NumPy dtypes (source):
Built-in Python types
Several python types are equivalent to a corresponding array scalar when used to generate a dtype object:
int int_
bool bool_
float float_
complex cfloat
bytes bytes_
str bytes_ (Python2) or unicode_ (Python3)
unicode unicode_
buffer void
(all others) object_
However numba doesn't know about these aliases and even when not dealing with numba you are probably better off using the real dtypes directly:
Array types and conversions between types
NumPy supports a much greater variety of numerical types than Python does. This section shows which are available, and how to modify an array’s data-type.
Data type Description
bool_ Boolean (True or False) stored as a byte
int_ Default integer type (same as C long; normally either int64 or int32)
intc Identical to C int (normally int32 or int64)
intp Integer used for indexing (same as C ssize_t; normally either int32 or int64)
int8 Byte (-128 to 127)
int16 Integer (-32768 to 32767)
int32 Integer (-2147483648 to 2147483647)
int64 Integer (-9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807)
uint8 Unsigned integer (0 to 255)
uint16 Unsigned integer (0 to 65535)
uint32 Unsigned integer (0 to 4294967295)
uint64 Unsigned integer (0 to 18446744073709551615)
float_ Shorthand for float64.
float16 Half precision float: sign bit, 5 bits exponent, 10 bits mantissa
float32 Single precision float: sign bit, 8 bits exponent, 23 bits mantissa
float64 Double precision float: sign bit, 11 bits exponent, 52 bits mantissa
complex_ Shorthand for complex128.
complex64 Complex number, represented by two 32-bit floats (real and imaginary components)
complex128 Complex number, represented by two 64-bit floats (real and imaginary components)
Note that some of these are not supported by numba!